The Liminal Gap Theory of Time.
Anew theory of time mechanics
Version 2.3. (2024).
B.C.Bamber. © 2024 – 2025.
Abstract.
This paper is a theoretical look at the mechanics of time and explores how time excites and changes matter. The theory is that there is a gap that is created as time passes and it draws matter across it, which excites it. The loose atoms will decay or they will add to things that are growing or developing. The gap provides a length of time of the present, which will vary depending on what is there, how dense it is and how it is behaving.
The Liminal Line.
The Liminal Gap expresses itself, as 1) the difference between an entropy spike and a negentropy spike. The negentropy spike always follows the entropy spike (see diagram 1). And 2) The space between the Liminal Line, which is the leading edge of time as it moves forward and the nearest subatomic particle, creates the Liminal Gap. The Liminal Gap then creates a vacuum where particles with loose connections, are drawn across it1, which then bounce back across the Gap, energising the matter, creating growth in matter2, should it be there. If not then it will breakdown, into dust or grains of sand, or similar. Atoms then transform3, across the gap in a uniform way, matching the matter already present. The line itself is not a physical barrier, it is just the manifestation of change, as time passes. It is an adjustment period, which excites matter, as it moves, called Atomic Excitation.
Researchers led by Daniela Angulo of the University of Toronto have found that “photons, wave-particles of light, can spend a negative amount of time zipping through a cloud of chilled atoms. In other words, photons can seem to exit a material before entering it.”1 They go on to explain that “When these excited electrons lapse to their original state, they release that absorbed energy as reemitted photons, introducing a time delay in the light’s observed transit time through the medium.”2 in a Scientific American article, it says that “Because of this ability, when subatomic particles interact, new particles are often created out of their energy.”3
The Liminal Gap.
So x equals a draw backwards across the Liminal Gap and y, (see diagram 2) rebounds energy back across the gap, causing something to grow or breakdown, or a combination of both. This process acts on everything, depending on what is there. If there is nothing there, then what is produced instead, is Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations. The behaviour and type of atoms which are there will determine the reaction from the Gap. However, throughout this process, what is happening to biological material is that the Gap is changing it, which in the long term creates evolution of species. The forces acting on matter, can be very small and gradual. Although the Liminal Line (and therefore the Gap) is moving constantly, the effects at the atomic scale are small, but can mount up to cause whole solar systems and galaxies to move (gravity). It also moves light across space, by drawing it out across the Gap, and moving it along as it moves along (see ‘What is the Speed of Time?’ below).
How Long is the Present?
The present as we experience it, with our quick brains, passes in an instant, without any real cognitive realism at play. It is neither here nor there. Our brains create an instruction for our bodies, which takes a certain amount of time to reach a body part with an instruction to move or react. It is thought that the brain can transport this information in around 150 to 250 milliseconds. Is this the length of time of the present? Perhaps if we separate what the present feels like in our brains and instead focus on how long the present actually is, not how we perceive it.
Because of the Liminal Gap, I would estimate that the present is the length of time it takes for light to cross a space the width of a sub-atomic particle. This would vary when time interacts with variations of the size of the particles. Gravity therefore, will change shape depending on how the Liminal Gap interacts with matter and how large that matter is and how long time takes to cross that particle. The Higgs Boson hasn’t had an accurate measurement because it is too small, but protons are measurable as follows: “Because protons are not fundamental particles, they possess a measurable size; the root mean square charge radius of a proton is about Proton size: 0.84–0.87 fm (1 fm = 10−15 m). In 2019, two different studies, using different techniques, found this radius to be 0.833 fm, with an uncertainty of ±0.010 fm”.4 The time it takes therefore, for light to cross the width of a sub-atomic particle, is equal to the Liminal Gap ( .
Gravity.
I touched on earlier what effect the Liminal Gap has on gravity, which I will expand on here. The Liminal Gap, will distort, in a way which will bend time and space, depending on what the Liminal Gap interacts with, i.e. the size and nature of the subatomic particles it interacts with. The gap width (and therefore the time it takes for light to cross it, to determine the length of time of the gap), will vary depending on the size of the particle it interacts with and subsequent particles as time moves forward. This in effect, creates a curve in space, which creates gravity when moving around large, dense objects, like a planet (see Diagram 3).
What is the Speed of Time?
You would think that the speed of time, is the time it takes for caesium to decay within an atomic clock. That that would be the baseline for everything else when it comes to measuring time. But what if all we’re measuring when we do that is the time it takes for caesium to decay against the time it takes for the Earth to rotate and that it doesn’t tell us much else? The speed of time may not be how long it takes for a second, a minute, an hour or a day to pass. It is not how long it takes for the Earth to travel round the Sun. We have based our units of time, around a human centric view, based on what we observe. The speed of time, could be anything and may be determined by other factors. In the Liminal Gap Theory of Time, I have looked again at how time is measured and how fast it travels. My theory is that time actually moves at the speed of light. The universe as it is pulled apart during the inflation period after the big bang, is thought to have travelled faster than the speed of light5. It is possible for objects to move faster than the speed of light. So does time always move more slowly than light? That is hard to say for sure. That is because our brains adjust to moving objects like the Earth, but don’t notice the speed at which time moves past us and through us. What it does, is we adjust to light speed time, because our brains are tuned into the speed of light. Things like our eyesight are tuned to light speed time and Earth speed movement, otherwise our eyes wouldn’t have developed over time, to see light. The light keeps pace with the movement of the Liminal Gap. The Liminal Gap, draws light across space from a light source (like a star), by moving light along as the Gap and therefore time, moves along.
Summary.
Because of what I see as a huge knowledge gap of the mechanisms of time and how time interacts with matter, I think to reframe the movement of time, as essential to all of life’s mechanisms, including gravity, entropy, evolution, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws of Thermodynamics, is a breakthrough of thought. Whether I am right to say that time travels as fast as light travels needs lots of working out, by smarter people than me, and any expressions of a formula for it, would also need to be tested in experiments. But the idea that time has a much greater role in the universe, as in the one I have put forward, I think is essentially correct and some aspects of it are fairly obvious and straight forward, such as time changes things. I have in my theory accelerated and expanded how time changes things, which is an important step forward in the discourse. The Liminal Gap, excites all the energy the universe needs to process matter and make it what it is and what it may become in the future.
REFERENCES:
1, 2, Evidence of ‘Negative Time’ Found in Quantum Physics Experiment; Scientific American; 30 sept 24; https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-of-negative-time-found-in-quantum-physics-experiment
3. Quantum Particles Aren’t Spinning. So Where Does Their Spin Come From?; Scientific American; Nov 22 2022; https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-particles-arent-spinning-so-where-does-their-spin-come-from/
4.1 Bezginov, N.; Valdez, T.; Horbatsch, M.; Marsman, A.; Vutha, A. C.; Hessels, E. A. (2019-09-06). "A measurement of the atomic hydrogen Lamb shift and the proton charge radius". Science. 365 (6457): 1007–1012. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.1007B. doi:10.1126/science.aau7807. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31488684. S2CID 201845158.
4.2 ^ Xiong, W.; Gasparian, A.; Gao, H.; Dutta, D.; Khandaker, M.; Liyanage, N.; Pasyuk, E.; Peng, C.; Bai, X.; Ye, L.; Gnanvo, K. (November 2019). "A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment". Nature. 575 (7781): 147–150. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..147X. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1721-2. ISSN 1476-4687. OSTI 1575200. PMID 31695211. S2CID 207831686.
5. https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/universe-expand-faster-light The early Universe expanded faster than light; Marcus Chown (2024), Sky at Night Magazine.
Email: bamber252@btinternet.com